The impact of excessive digital screen use on refractive errors progression over one year among schoolchildren in northwest Algeria

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the link between children's screen exposure and refraction errors progression. It's a cross-sectional annual study that concentrated on a representative sample of school-aged children in Algeria's northwest region
METHODS: Throughout a year-long study, a total of 208 Algerian schoolchildren, accounting for 416 eyes, ranging in age from 6 to 18 years (mean age: 6.21 years ±3, range: 12), participated in comprehensive eye examinations at the ophtalmic service of the pediatric hospital, EHS Canastel Oran. The assessments utilized cycloplegic measurements to evaluate refractive errors in the subjects. Additionally, the study extensively examined the children's technology usage patterns, including their daily screen exposure, available device types, and the duration of outdoor activities.
RESULTS: We noted an increase in the mean spherical myopia (-2.75 SD 2.64; -3.56 SD 3.38), a decrease in the mean spherical hyperopia (1.54 SD 1.26; 1.19 SD 0.98), and a rise in the mean astigmatism (-1.25 SD 1.03; -1.82 SD 1.69) between the initial and subsequent controls. Myopic astigmatism was the most prevalent (51%), especially among younger screen users (P < 0.001; OR = 5.32 [1.97–11.56]). Other refractive errors included hyperopic astigmatism (33%), mixed astigmatism (4%), myopia (2%), hyperopia (4%), and anisometropia (6%). Over the year, both eyes displayed a significant increase in myopic astigmatism, alongside a considerable change in the mean spherical equivalent. A strong correlation (p < 0.001) was evident between increased myopic astigmatism in both eyes and extensive screen use. The study emphasized a link between visual impairment and multiple factors such as device types, varying screen times, bedtime screen usage, and duration of outdoor activities (P < 0.005).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Extensive screen use correlates significantly with higher risks of myopic astigmatism and changes in the spherical equivalent. This underscores the crucial role of parental oversight in preserving children's visual health