Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a common problem in neonates that results in epiphora, superimposed infection and amblyopia. Our aim is to review causes and current management of this problem in pediatric population. Before one year of age, conservative approach with the help of parents is preferred. Afterwards interventional approach is recommended to overcome obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct.

INTRODUCTION: In this study we aimed to report our clinical observation and results of surgical treatment in the patients with Vertical retraction syndrome.
METHODS: The medical records were analyzed retrospectively and five patients included in this study. Detailed ophthalmological examinations and orthoptic exam were performed patients. All patients were followed at least six months
RESULTS: Mean age was 26.8 years. (min: 4 max: 65). In 10 patients, 3 females and 2 males. Family history was positive in 2 patients. All patients had orthophoria end of the surgical treatment.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Vertical retraction syndrome is a rare disease and a special form of retraction syndrome which eye movement is limited by fibrous band. Imaging was important and the surgical approach is featured in this group patients.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to report our functional and anatomical results of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) for choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathological myopia (mCNV).
METHODS: In this retrospective study, 32 mCNV patients’ 32 eyes were evaluated. After one IVR injection patients were followed by an as-needed monthly regime. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optic coherence tomography (OCT) findings were evaluated at baseline and then monthly. Re-injection criteria were; reduction in visual acuity and/or increase in central macular thickness measured with OCT.
RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 57.7±14.6 years, and the mean axial length was 27.8±1.3 mm. Mean visual acuity improved significantly from 46.4±9.7 letters at baseline to 54.1±9.5 letters at last follow-up visit (p<0.05). The mean central macular thickness decreased from 301.4±11.7 μm at baseline to 258.8 ±12.5 μm at the last visit (p>0.05). The average number of injections was 3.5±1,1, 2.3±0.9 and 1.7±0.8 injections at 12, 24 and 36 months respectively.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study has shown that IVR injections provide a significant long-term visual and anatomical benefit in mCNV with a small number of injections.

INTRODUCTION: To assess central macular thickness changes after uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery in diabetic patients with and without retinopathy and in control group.
METHODS: We prospectively reviewed the records of 43 eyes of patients with mild non- proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 43 eyes of diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy(no-DR),and 43 eyes of a control group that underwent phacoemulsification surgery. Foveal thickness was measured, using optical coherence tomography, preoperatively and one week and one, three, six, and twelve months postoperatively.
RESULTS: No clinically significant differences in foveal thicknesses were observed preoperatively among groups. Foveal thickness increased in the NPDR group one week and one and three months after surgery, in the no- DR group after one week and after one month, and in the control group afterone week. Postoperatively foveal thickness decreased gradually in the NPDR group after three months. When comparing the groups, foveal thickness was significantly higher in the NPDR group than in the no-DR and in the control group at months one and three, postoperatively; however, at month six, differences decreased, and there were no clinically significant differences among groups.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Foveal thickness increased up to three months after cataract surgery, decreasing graduallythere after in NPDR patients.Foveal thickness also increased to the first month in no- DR group.Foveal thickness increased only in the first week in the control group. These changes are more prominent in eyes with NPDR than in eyes with no-DR and control group.

INTRODUCTION: Btx A uses strabismus for congenital esotropia or large angle horizontal strabismus in adults and acute paretic strabismus when surgical treatment of the ocular muscles is not yet possible. In this study demonstrated that long-term efficacy of Botulinum toxin A in patients with Infantile Esotropia.
METHODS: A single-center, retrospective designed study, age of patients ≤ 24 months with esotropia onset before 12 months. Successful outcome was defined as ocular alignment within 8-10 Prism Diopter of orthotropia.
RESULTS: The record review identified of 6 patients; 2 boy and 4 girls. Mean age was range from 8 to 24 months. Mean follow-up time was 30.5 ± 12.4 months. Effective results was achieved and deviation was changed from 34.2 ± 5.8 PD (range: 25-40 PD) to orthophoria at near after the botulinum toxin injections.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin injection may be considered a primary treatment patients with infantile esotropia and achieved long-term results. Further longitidunal studies are require to support to this situation.

This report presents a case who developed corneal edema, aqueous flare, rubeosis iridis, neovascular glaucoma due to anterior segment ischemia after scleral buckling surgery and was treated with intravitreal Aflibercept.

Anterior segment ischemia is a complication that may develop after scleral buckling surgery. The signs of anterior segment ischemia include corneal edema, aqueous flare, iris atrophy, photophobia, rubeosis iridis, neovascular glaucoma and cataract. It can be diagnosed with biomicroscopy and carotid Doppler ultrasonography. The case we present in this report was found to have signs of corneal edema, aqueous flare, rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma due to anterior segment ischemia that developed after scleral buckling surgery. No pathology was found in the carotid Doppler ultrasonography. Intravitreal Aflibercept treatment was given for his left eye. During the follow-up 2 weeks later, it was found that rubeosis iridis disappeared, there were no cells in the anterior chamber and his left eye intraocular pressure was 16 mmHg. The patient was followed for 2 years. After 1 year, we performed the ekpress shunt implantation in the patient for glaucoma. Because of the same reasons, intravitreal Aflibercept treatment was given for his left eye 4 times in 2 years.

Tractional forces in epiretinal membrane (ERM) may antagonize the effects of anti-VEGF treatments and cause pharmacological resistance in patients with neovascular age related macular degeneration. Here we present a case with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in conjunction with ERM who showed partial response to intravitreal aflibercept injections. He underwent pars plana vitrectomy with ERM peeling. After surgery, optical coherence tomography showed an improvement in macular morphology and complete resolution of subretinal fluid. His visual acuity remained stable after surgery. Vitrectomy may be beneficial to improve anti vascular epithelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) response in some of the patients with ERM who do not respond to anti-VEGF therapy for PCV.

Necrotising fasciitis is a serious soft tissue infection with a significant fatality rate. Although the cause may be polymicrobial, most known microbial agents are Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphyylococcus aureus. Early recognition and aggressive surgical debridement are usually required to prevent the rapid spread of infection. We report a case of necrotising fasciitis of the eyelids who had a good response with intravenous antibiotic therapy alone.

An 18 year old male with open globe injury, eyelid lacerations and orbital wall fractures related to severe blunt trauma was referred to our clinic for primary evisceration and eyelid repair. As the patient refused the removal of the eye; the globe, eyelids and canaliculi were sutured primarily first. After a month the patient accepted the removal of the eye due to progressive phthisis bulbi and underwent evisceration 5 weeks following the injury. He has been followed up for 2 years after the second surgery with an acceptable cosmetic result and without any complication. Although very rare, it is very important to remember that there is a risk of sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) in severe eye injuries and prophylaxis by removing the eye is controversial.