INTRODUCTION: This study was designed to compare optic nerve head (ONH) parameters and corneal biomechanical properties of healthy and glaucomatous macrodiscs.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included total of 234 eyes, of which 92 served as normal controls, 92 had healthy macrodiscs, and 50 had glaucomatous macrodiscs. Measurement of ONH parameters in all p¬atients was performed using optic coherence tomography (OCT). Corneal hysteresis (CH) was measured in each patient using Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA; Reichert, Inc., Depew, NY, USA). Central corneal thickness (CCT) was determined by ultrasonic pachymetry. All OCT and ORA parameters of healthy and glaucomatous macrodiscs were compared.
RESULTS: Optic disc area of healthy macrodiscs and glaucomatous macrodiscs was similar, and larger than observed in control group (p=0.70, p=0.0001, respectively). Rim area was significantly thinner in glaucoma group than healthy macrodisc group or control group. (p=0.0001, p=0.022, respectively) Mean cup area of glaucomatous discs was larger than healthy macrodiscs (p=0.001). Cup/disc (C/D) area ratio, and horizontal and vertical C/D ratios were higher in glaucoma group than healthy macrodisc group (p=0.002, p=0.002, p=0.018, respectively) ORA analyses revealed that CH of glaucoma patients was lower than that of healthy macrodisc or control group (p=0.048, p=0.035, respectively), whereas, mean CH of macrodisc group was similar to that of control group (p=0.988). Mean CCT of macrodisc group was higher than that observed in control or glaucoma patients (p=0.015, p=0.045).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was concluded that OCT analyses can help differentiate healthy macrodiscs from glaucomatous discs. CH and corneal thickness measurements of healthy macrodiscs are greater than those of glaucomatous optic discs.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to compare intraocular pressure (IOP) level as measured with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and Icare rebound tonometry (RBT; Icare Finland Oy, Vantaa, Finland) in patients with varied central corneal thickness (CCT).
METHODS: Total of 138 eyes of 138 consecutive patients from glaucoma department were studied. Ultrasound pachymeter was used to measure CCT in all cases and patients were divided into 3 groups according to CCT. Group 1 comprised patients with thin CCT (<520 μ), Group 2 was made up of patients with normal CCT (520-570 μ), and patients with thick CCT (>570 μ) composed Group 3. IOP was measured with RBT, which uses average of 6 readings, followed by GAT. Measurements of groups were compared.
RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 59.4±10.9 years. Mean CCT value was 494.9±15.9 μ in Group 1 (n=40), 549.1±16.3 μ in Group 2 (n=52), and 604.0±22.2 μ in Group 3 (n=46). Mean IOP measurement obtained by GAT and RBT was 13.2±4.0 and 13.8±3.9 mmHg, respectively, in Group 1 (p=0.013), 16.9±3.2 and 16.8±3.1 mmHg in Group 2 (p=0.745), and 18.1±3.4 and 18.4±3.8 mmHg in Group 3 (p=0.359). Mean difference in IOP for entire study group between GAT and RBT was -0.21±1.7 mmHg (p=0.15). This difference was statistically significant only in Group 1 (p=0.013). Positive correlation was found between CCT and measurement via both GAT and RBT (p<0.01). There was no correlation between CCT and difference in IOP obtained by RBT and GAT.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Icare RBT demonstrated agreement with Goldmann applanation tonometry, except in thin corneas.

INTRODUCTION: The present study is comparison of efficacy of ranibizumab and aflibercept in the treatment of macular edema (ME) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in real life.
METHODS: Design was retrospective, case-control study. Treatment naïve RVO patients with ME who were treated with ranibizumab or aflibercept and had minimum follow-up time of 6 months were included. Primary outcome measures were changes in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT). Secondary outcome measure was number of injections administered.
RESULTS: Mean baseline, month 3, and month 6 BCVA in ranibizumab group was 0.95±0.61-, 0.50±0.30-, and 0.66±0.58 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR), respectively. Mean baseline, month 3, and month 6 BCVA in aflibercept group was 0.85±0.65-, 0.61±0.58-, and 0.65±0.55 LogMAR, respectively. Mean baseline, month 3, and month 6 CRT in ranibizumab group was 598±189-, 473±162-, and 359±134 μm, respectively. Mean baseline, month 3, and month 6 CRT in aflibercept group was 512±141-, 345±154-, and 374±172 μm, respectively. Mean number of injections was 2.7±0.8 for ranibizumab group, and 2.2±1.0 for aflibercept group (p=0.08).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Ranibizumab and aflibercept are both effective agents in the treatment of ME secondary to RVO. Visit and injection figures were lower than those reported in prospective, multicenter studies, as expected, but functional and anatomical outcomes were comparable.

INTRODUCTION: This study was designed to examine effects of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) procedures on retinal and choroidal anatomy using optical coherence topography (OCT).
METHODS: Sixty eyes of 60 patients were included in this study. Patients who underwent FFA (14 females and 16 males) formed Group 1, and patients who underwent ICGA (17 females, 13 males) formed Group 2. After full ophthalmological examination, macular and choroidal thickness (CT) were measured via OCT. Approximately 15 to 20 minutes after dye was injected for angiography procedure, OCT scan was performed again. Statistical analyses were performed to compare measurements taken before and after procedure.
RESULTS: Mean age was 58.9±10.7 years (range: 42-82 years) in FFA group and 54.9±16.1 (range: 27-77 years) in ICGA group. Mean macular thickness was 339±78 μm before FFA and 339±72 after FFA (p=0.792). Mean macular thickness was 340±80 μm before ICGA and 341±73 μm after ICGA (p=0.571). Mean subfoveal CT was 275±36 μm before FFA and 271±31 μm after FFA (p=0.389). Mean subfoveal CT was 338±36 μm before ICGA and 366±38 μm after ICGA (p=0.022). There was significant increase in CT after ICGA procedure.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: CT may not change with FFA procedure, but may increase with ICGA procedure.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate treatment outcomes of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (IDI) in patients with macular edema (ME) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO), and to assess mean number of visits and injections during 12 months of treatment.
METHODS: Records of newly diagnosed RVO patients who were treatment-naïve and had follow-up of at least 12 months were included in this retrospective case series. All patients received initial, single dose of IDI, which was repeated in monthly or bimonthly follow-up when visual acuity decreased by 1 or more lines compared with most recent visit, or an increase in central retinal thickness (CRT) >150 μm was observed in optical coherence tomography images. Primary outcome measures of this study were change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and CRT. Secondary outcome measures were number of visits and number of injections.
RESULTS: Forty-five eyes of 45 patients were included. Mean BCVA at baseline and month 3, 6, 9, and 12 was 0.15±0.15 decimals, 0.23±0.24 decimals, 0.20±0.20 decimals, 0.18±0.17 decimals, and 0.19±0.20 decimals, respectively. Mean CRT at baseline, and months 3, 6, 9, and 12 was 599±111 μm, 388±137 μm, 421±142 μm, 409±130 μm, and 420±169 μm, respectively. Mean number of planned visits at month 12 was 4.8±1.0, and number of completed visits was 4.2±1.0 (89.0% completion). Mean number of planned injections at month 12 was 1.78±0.7, and number of injections performed was 1.76±0.7 (98.8% completion).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: IDI did not appear to be effective agent in real-life conditions of treatment of ME secondary to RVO with respect to visual outcomes. Fact that the study consisted of heterogeneous group of patients, as well as small number of cataract operations and injections were likely main reasons for poor visual outcomes. However, IDI did demonstrate significant effect on anatomical outcomes. Number of both visits and injections was lower than observed in prospective multicenter studies, as expected.

A 61-year-old male presented with 20 x 15 mm diffuse, hyperpigmented lesion that covered the right upper eyelid and which had been present for 2 years. Lesion was diagnosed as actinic keratosis (AK). Since the patient refused surgery and reconstruction, he was treated with imiquimod (IMQ) 5% cream once a day, 5 times per week for 6 weeks. Lesion gradually reduced in size and no clinically evident residual keratosis was observed after treatment. No post-therapy excision was performed to assess histological clearance of AK for cosmetic reasons. Although surgery is first-line treatment for these lesions, in case of refusal to undergo surgery, when lesion is superficial and diffuse and in region where reconstruction would be difficult, treatment with IMQ may be preferred.

The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System (Second Sight Medical Products, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA) is the first US Food and Drug Administration-approved retinal implant. It provides electrical stimulation of the retina and induces visual perception in individuals with low vision. It is used in patients with severe disease, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Presently described is Argus II implantation in a patient with RP.

A 26-year-old woman with chronic irritation and infection of left upper eyelid and history of ocular trauma with unknown foreign object(s) was referred to oculoplastic clinic of our hospital. Multiple black micro foreign objects were seen in left upper eyelid skin, skin was edematous, fistula of the skin was present, and the globe was deviated inferiorly. On computerized tomography, multiple intraorbital foreign objects were observed at superior aspect of the orbita. Foreign object, 2 x 1 x 0.5 cm in size, localized tangentially to the globe with convex side facing intact eyeball, was surgically excised. Multiple metallic micro particles were also removed. The patient recovered well from injury within 6 months of surgery. Intraorbital foreign bodies may be mislocated in radiological imaging in trauma patients. Surgeon should always be alert for surprises during surgery on such patients.